Chapter 30 - The War to End War
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
Creel headed the Committee on Public Information, which was created to gain support for the war. The organization sent out 75,000 men to deliver speeches in favor of the war. Creel admitted that he oversold some ideas, and the result was disastrous disillusionment.
Bernard Baruch
In March 1918, Wilson named Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board. However, this group never had much power and was disbanded soon after the armistice.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Lodge, along with other Republican senators, strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles, because they did not want to turn American decision over to the League of Nations. He came up with fourteen reservations to the Treaty of Versailles, which sought to safeguard American sovereignty. This ultimately resulted in the defeat of the treaty.
James M. Cox
Cox was the Democratic nominee for president, with Franklin D. Roosevelt as vice president. They supported a league of nations, but not necessarily the League of Nations.
Self-Determination
Self-Determination is independence for oppressed minority groups who would choose their own government. It was part of Wilson's Fourteen Points Address to Congress.
Collective security
After World War I, the first large scale attempt to provide collective security in modern times was the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919-20. The provisions of the League of Nations Covenant represented a weak system for decision-making and for collective action.
Normalcy
"A return to normalcy" was US presidential candidate Warren Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920. Harding's promise was to return the US to pre-war mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. This was important in Harding's victory in the election for presidency.
Zimmerman Note
The note was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917. Written by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman, it secretly proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico. It proposed that if Mexico fought against the US and the Central Powers won, Mexico could recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the US.
Fourteen Points
The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson. It included: self-determination, reduction of armament burdens, adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers, a removal of economic barriers among nations, and a League of Nations.
League of Nations
This was part of Wilson's proposed Fourteen Points. It was a proposal for an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes. The Treaty of Versailles stated that the US had to aid members of the League of Nations that were victimized by aggression, which helped defeat the Treaty of Versailles, and the US joining the League of Nations.
Committee on Public Information
This committee was created to "sell" the war to the people who were against it. They sent men to deliver speeches in favor of the war, showered millions of pamphlets containing the most potent "Wilsonisms" upon the world, splashed posters and billboards that had emotional appeal, and showed anti-German movies like The Kaiser and The Beast of Berlin. The resulting disillusionment would be disastrous.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The Espionage Act of 1917, passed shortly after US entry into World War I, and the Sedition Act of 1918 showed American fears and paranoia about Germans and others who were perceived as threats.
Industrial Workers of the World
Members of this radical union, the IWW were often prosecuted, including Socialist Eugene V. Debs and IWW leader William D. Haywood, who were arrested, convicted, and sent to prison. After the war, there were presidential pardons from Warren G. harding, but a few people still sat in jail into the 1930s.
War Industries Board
Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board. But the Board never had more than feeble formal powers, and it was disbanded within days after the armistice. This showed that even in a global crisis, the American preference for laissez-faire and for a weak central government proved amazingly strong.
Nineteenth Amendment
Most women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if they want to get the vote. Their help gained support for the women's suffrage movement, which was finally achieved with the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote, in 1920.
Food Administration
The Food Administration was led by Herbert C. Hoover, who relied on voluntary compliance rather than on compulsory edicts. To save food for export, he started voluntary "Wheatless Wednesday" and "Meatless Tuesday." Farm production increased by 1/4, and food exports to the Allies tripled.
Irreconcilables
These were US senators who strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles. They succeeded in defeating the ratification of the treaty by the Senate. Because of their efforts, the US never ratified the treaty, and therefore never joined the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty was forced upon Germany under the threat that if it didn't sign the treaty, war would resume. The treaty forced Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war, disarm, make territorial concessions, and pay heavy reparations.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Germans announced that they would break the Sussex pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare. Also, the Zimmerman note revealed a secretly-proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico, which was basically against the US. These events led Wilson to believe that he could no longer stay out of the war.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracy by entering the war. He contrasted the selfish war aims of the other belligerents with America's shining altruism. He went on to cry "Force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit." These statements left the old "peace without victory" in the dust.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
The Fourteen Points included: no more secret treaties, maintaining freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers among nations, reduction of armament burdens, adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of natives and colonizers, self-determination, and a League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
The Committee on Public Information was created to help the war effort by convincing opponents of the war to support it, and by generally gaining support. The committee sent out 75,000 men to deliver speeches supporting the war. They also handed out millions of pamphlets containing posters and billboards that had emotional pro-war appeals.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Many Germans blamed for espionage activities were tarred, feathered, and beaten. Also, antiwar Socialists and members of the Industrial Workers of the World were often prosecuted, including Eugene V. Debs and IWW leader William D. Haywood, who were arrested, convicted, and sent to prison.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
America's army was only the 15th largest in the world. No one knew how much America could produce, and laissez-faire economics still provided resistance to government control of the economy. The War Industries Board, which was created to help mobilization, never had much power and was disbanded after the armistice.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Congress imposed a rule that made any unemployed man available to enter the war, and also discouraged strikes. The National War Labor board settled labor difficulties that hampered the war efforts. The American Federation of Labor had double the members after the war. However, price inflation threatened to eclipse wage gains, and over 6000 strikes broke out during the war.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Women found more opportunities to work, since the men were all at war. Most women supported the war and thought that they must help the war if they want to help shape the peace and get the vote. Their help gained support for the women's suffrage movement, which resulted in the passing of the 19th Amendment.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Government did change much about people's home lives during the war, however none of it was too intrusive. For example, the proposed "Meatless Tuesdays" and "Wheatless Wednesdays" only involved one day of sacrifice for each item, and were based completely on voluntary favors; the people had a choice to follow these suggestions, and they were a huge benefit to the war effort.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The efforts were fair, especially compared to previous army-raising efforts in which rich aristocrats could buy their way out of the war, which was not allowed in this draft. Also, African-Americans were allowed to go to war, though not to fight. However, since the army was so rushed, they were unprepared, and many could not even use their weapons. However, the government did successfully raise a 4-million person army.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
US troops helped in an Allied invasion of Russia at Archangel to prevent munitions from falling into German hands. 10,000 troops were sent into Siberia as part of an Allied expedition whose purpose was to prevent munitions from reaching Japan, rescue trapped Czechoslovak troops, and prevent Bolshevik forces from snatching military supplies.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
Just before the Germans were about to invade Paris and knock out France, American reinforcements arrived and pushed the Germans back. In the Second Battle of the Marne, the Allies pushed Germany back, making a German withdrawal that was never effectively reversed. Thanks to American efforts, the Germans were exhausted and ready to surrender.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
The prospect of endless American troops, rather than the American military performance, demoralized the Germans. The constant wave of soldiers that America was pouring in ultimately led to the defeat of Germany.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
When Wilson decided to go to Europe personally to oversee peace proceedings, Republicans were outraged, thinking that this was all just for flamboyant show. When he didn't include a single Republican, not even Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republicans got even more angry.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson really wanted the League of Nations to come into effect, so he bargained with Britain and France. Britain and France agreed to go along with the League, and Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with punishment.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Since Republicans like Henry Cabot Lodge and Hiram Johnson were bitterly opposed to the League, Wilson had to make several compromises in order to get the League into fruition. Seeing Wilson's lack of support, France demanded the Rhineland and Saar Valley, and Italy demanded Fiume.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson compromised his Fourteen Points because many Republicans at home were strongly opposed to the League of Nations, and the Europeans took advantage of this lack of support to alter the Fourteen Points. Changing his Fourteen Points was the only way Wilson could get the League of Nations, which was the most important thing to him.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Many people felt that the treaty wasn't harsh enough, while the Irish people denounced the League. The "hyphenated" Americans all felt that the treaty had not been fair to their home country. The Republicans all still felt that American shouldn't let her decisions be affected by other international countries.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The purpose of the tour was to gain support for the treaty, but Senators Borah and Johnson were trailing him like bloodhounds, and they verbally attacked him. In the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions, reception was much warmer. At Pueblo, Colorado, he pleaded that the League was the only hope for peace in the future. That night, he collapsed and half his body was paralyzed by a stroke.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Lodge came up with fourteen "reservations" to the Treaty of Versailles. Also, Congress was concerned with Article X, which bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations that was victimized by aggression. Wilson was also unwilling to accept reservations from Lodge, so he ordered his supporters to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations attached.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The 1920 election represented the death of the League of Nations. After Harding was elected, Republican isolationists made sure that the League would die.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
It was the US's responsibility to take charge as the most powerful nation in the world after WWI, but it retreated into isolationism, letting other nations do as they pleased. France and Germany both began building up armies, and Hitler began rising to power.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was an idealist who failed to realize that international order was an unruly arena. There was also an absence of economic factors in shaping his diplomacy. It would be too hard to overcome postwar tension to create the league.
George Creel
Creel headed the Committee on Public Information, which was created to gain support for the war. The organization sent out 75,000 men to deliver speeches in favor of the war. Creel admitted that he oversold some ideas, and the result was disastrous disillusionment.
Bernard Baruch
In March 1918, Wilson named Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board. However, this group never had much power and was disbanded soon after the armistice.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Lodge, along with other Republican senators, strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles, because they did not want to turn American decision over to the League of Nations. He came up with fourteen reservations to the Treaty of Versailles, which sought to safeguard American sovereignty. This ultimately resulted in the defeat of the treaty.
James M. Cox
Cox was the Democratic nominee for president, with Franklin D. Roosevelt as vice president. They supported a league of nations, but not necessarily the League of Nations.
Self-Determination
Self-Determination is independence for oppressed minority groups who would choose their own government. It was part of Wilson's Fourteen Points Address to Congress.
Collective security
After World War I, the first large scale attempt to provide collective security in modern times was the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919-20. The provisions of the League of Nations Covenant represented a weak system for decision-making and for collective action.
Normalcy
"A return to normalcy" was US presidential candidate Warren Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920. Harding's promise was to return the US to pre-war mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. This was important in Harding's victory in the election for presidency.
Zimmerman Note
The note was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917. Written by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman, it secretly proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico. It proposed that if Mexico fought against the US and the Central Powers won, Mexico could recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the US.
Fourteen Points
The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson. It included: self-determination, reduction of armament burdens, adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers, a removal of economic barriers among nations, and a League of Nations.
League of Nations
This was part of Wilson's proposed Fourteen Points. It was a proposal for an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes. The Treaty of Versailles stated that the US had to aid members of the League of Nations that were victimized by aggression, which helped defeat the Treaty of Versailles, and the US joining the League of Nations.
Committee on Public Information
This committee was created to "sell" the war to the people who were against it. They sent men to deliver speeches in favor of the war, showered millions of pamphlets containing the most potent "Wilsonisms" upon the world, splashed posters and billboards that had emotional appeal, and showed anti-German movies like The Kaiser and The Beast of Berlin. The resulting disillusionment would be disastrous.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The Espionage Act of 1917, passed shortly after US entry into World War I, and the Sedition Act of 1918 showed American fears and paranoia about Germans and others who were perceived as threats.
Industrial Workers of the World
Members of this radical union, the IWW were often prosecuted, including Socialist Eugene V. Debs and IWW leader William D. Haywood, who were arrested, convicted, and sent to prison. After the war, there were presidential pardons from Warren G. harding, but a few people still sat in jail into the 1930s.
War Industries Board
Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board. But the Board never had more than feeble formal powers, and it was disbanded within days after the armistice. This showed that even in a global crisis, the American preference for laissez-faire and for a weak central government proved amazingly strong.
Nineteenth Amendment
Most women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if they want to get the vote. Their help gained support for the women's suffrage movement, which was finally achieved with the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote, in 1920.
Food Administration
The Food Administration was led by Herbert C. Hoover, who relied on voluntary compliance rather than on compulsory edicts. To save food for export, he started voluntary "Wheatless Wednesday" and "Meatless Tuesday." Farm production increased by 1/4, and food exports to the Allies tripled.
Irreconcilables
These were US senators who strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles. They succeeded in defeating the ratification of the treaty by the Senate. Because of their efforts, the US never ratified the treaty, and therefore never joined the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty was forced upon Germany under the threat that if it didn't sign the treaty, war would resume. The treaty forced Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war, disarm, make territorial concessions, and pay heavy reparations.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Germans announced that they would break the Sussex pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare. Also, the Zimmerman note revealed a secretly-proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico, which was basically against the US. These events led Wilson to believe that he could no longer stay out of the war.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracy by entering the war. He contrasted the selfish war aims of the other belligerents with America's shining altruism. He went on to cry "Force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit." These statements left the old "peace without victory" in the dust.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
The Fourteen Points included: no more secret treaties, maintaining freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers among nations, reduction of armament burdens, adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of natives and colonizers, self-determination, and a League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
The Committee on Public Information was created to help the war effort by convincing opponents of the war to support it, and by generally gaining support. The committee sent out 75,000 men to deliver speeches supporting the war. They also handed out millions of pamphlets containing posters and billboards that had emotional pro-war appeals.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Many Germans blamed for espionage activities were tarred, feathered, and beaten. Also, antiwar Socialists and members of the Industrial Workers of the World were often prosecuted, including Eugene V. Debs and IWW leader William D. Haywood, who were arrested, convicted, and sent to prison.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
America's army was only the 15th largest in the world. No one knew how much America could produce, and laissez-faire economics still provided resistance to government control of the economy. The War Industries Board, which was created to help mobilization, never had much power and was disbanded after the armistice.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Congress imposed a rule that made any unemployed man available to enter the war, and also discouraged strikes. The National War Labor board settled labor difficulties that hampered the war efforts. The American Federation of Labor had double the members after the war. However, price inflation threatened to eclipse wage gains, and over 6000 strikes broke out during the war.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Women found more opportunities to work, since the men were all at war. Most women supported the war and thought that they must help the war if they want to help shape the peace and get the vote. Their help gained support for the women's suffrage movement, which resulted in the passing of the 19th Amendment.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Government did change much about people's home lives during the war, however none of it was too intrusive. For example, the proposed "Meatless Tuesdays" and "Wheatless Wednesdays" only involved one day of sacrifice for each item, and were based completely on voluntary favors; the people had a choice to follow these suggestions, and they were a huge benefit to the war effort.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The efforts were fair, especially compared to previous army-raising efforts in which rich aristocrats could buy their way out of the war, which was not allowed in this draft. Also, African-Americans were allowed to go to war, though not to fight. However, since the army was so rushed, they were unprepared, and many could not even use their weapons. However, the government did successfully raise a 4-million person army.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
US troops helped in an Allied invasion of Russia at Archangel to prevent munitions from falling into German hands. 10,000 troops were sent into Siberia as part of an Allied expedition whose purpose was to prevent munitions from reaching Japan, rescue trapped Czechoslovak troops, and prevent Bolshevik forces from snatching military supplies.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
Just before the Germans were about to invade Paris and knock out France, American reinforcements arrived and pushed the Germans back. In the Second Battle of the Marne, the Allies pushed Germany back, making a German withdrawal that was never effectively reversed. Thanks to American efforts, the Germans were exhausted and ready to surrender.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
The prospect of endless American troops, rather than the American military performance, demoralized the Germans. The constant wave of soldiers that America was pouring in ultimately led to the defeat of Germany.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
When Wilson decided to go to Europe personally to oversee peace proceedings, Republicans were outraged, thinking that this was all just for flamboyant show. When he didn't include a single Republican, not even Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republicans got even more angry.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson really wanted the League of Nations to come into effect, so he bargained with Britain and France. Britain and France agreed to go along with the League, and Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with punishment.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Since Republicans like Henry Cabot Lodge and Hiram Johnson were bitterly opposed to the League, Wilson had to make several compromises in order to get the League into fruition. Seeing Wilson's lack of support, France demanded the Rhineland and Saar Valley, and Italy demanded Fiume.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson compromised his Fourteen Points because many Republicans at home were strongly opposed to the League of Nations, and the Europeans took advantage of this lack of support to alter the Fourteen Points. Changing his Fourteen Points was the only way Wilson could get the League of Nations, which was the most important thing to him.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Many people felt that the treaty wasn't harsh enough, while the Irish people denounced the League. The "hyphenated" Americans all felt that the treaty had not been fair to their home country. The Republicans all still felt that American shouldn't let her decisions be affected by other international countries.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The purpose of the tour was to gain support for the treaty, but Senators Borah and Johnson were trailing him like bloodhounds, and they verbally attacked him. In the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions, reception was much warmer. At Pueblo, Colorado, he pleaded that the League was the only hope for peace in the future. That night, he collapsed and half his body was paralyzed by a stroke.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Lodge came up with fourteen "reservations" to the Treaty of Versailles. Also, Congress was concerned with Article X, which bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations that was victimized by aggression. Wilson was also unwilling to accept reservations from Lodge, so he ordered his supporters to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations attached.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The 1920 election represented the death of the League of Nations. After Harding was elected, Republican isolationists made sure that the League would die.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
It was the US's responsibility to take charge as the most powerful nation in the world after WWI, but it retreated into isolationism, letting other nations do as they pleased. France and Germany both began building up armies, and Hitler began rising to power.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was an idealist who failed to realize that international order was an unruly arena. There was also an absence of economic factors in shaping his diplomacy. It would be too hard to overcome postwar tension to create the league.